Introduction to Spanish verbs
One of the most difficult aspects of Spanish is to understand its verb conjugations. We will learn the important points related to the conjugations of Spanish verbs in the next lessons gradually. In this lesson, important main concepts are introduced.
Infinite endings
A verb consists of a stem and an infinitive ending. When you look up a verb in a dictionary, it is the infinitive form of the verb that you see.
All Spanish verbs end in either –ar, -er or –ir. So, the structure looks like this
- stem of the verb + infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir)
Examples for “-ar” verbs:
- jugar (to play)
- cantar (to sing)
- cocinar (to cook)
Examples for “-er” verbs:
- leer (to read)
- ver (to see)
- tener (to have)
Examples for “-ir” verbs:
- escribir (to write)
- vivir (to live)
- ir (to go)
Most Spanish verbs end in “–ar”. They are followed by “–er” verbs.
Conjugations
Get used to the above classification of Spanish verbs as soon as possible, since conjugation rules depend on it. Once you start to see the verbs from this classification view, you will not have much difficulty in understanding the conjugations at later stages.
Regular and irregular verbs
As English verbs, Spanish verbs can be either regular or irregular. For regular verbs, there are certain rules to be applied for conjugation. In case of irregular verbs, one has to memorize the conjugations to great extent. On the other hand, the grouping below helps remembering the conjugations better.
Classification of irregular verbs
Irregular verbs can be grouped into four categories.
1. Irregular verbs which are irregular only for the first person singular:
Some Spanish verbs are irregular only in “yo”. For the other subject pronouns, their conjugations follow the rules of the regular verbs.
Examples for this group:
- salir (to go out)
- poner (to put)
- hacer (to make)
- conocer (to know)
- producer (to produce)
2. Stem changing irregular verbs
Some Spanish verbs change their stems irregularly when they are conjugated.
Here, there are three important types of verbs:
“o” is changed to “ue. Example: dormir (to sleep) -> duermo.
“e” is changed to “i”. Example: pedir (to ask) -> pido
“e” is changed to “ie”. Example: empezer -> empiezo
A practical thing to remember is that the stem-changing verbs are conjugated in the same way as a regular verb for the subject pronouns nosotros/-as and vosotros/-as.
3. Stem changing and irregular (yo) forms
Some verbs can change the stem and be irregular in the first person singular (yo) at the same time.
Examples for this group
- tener-> tengo (for yo), tienes (for tú)
- decir ->digo(for yo), dices (for tú)
4. Completely irregular verbs
Not all verbs can be classified into the groups above. Unfortunately there are some verbs which are completely irregular, such as ser (to be) and estar (to be). Both of these verbs are handled in lessons the verb “to be” in Spanish and ser or estar?
We will deal with the conjugations of the regular and irregular verbs in more detail in the next lesson.
Reflexive verbs
An important group of Spanish verbs is reflexive verbs. A reflexive Spanish verb has “se” attached to its infinitive. For example, vestirse (to get dressed), levantarse (to get up).
The reflexive verb conjugations in present tense are handle here.
Verbs like gustar
There is a group of Spanish verbs which requires special attention with respect to conjugation. This topic is introduced in “Special” Spanish verbs.
Moods
Another important concept related to Spanish verbs are the moods.
There are basically three ways to express actions: indicative mood, subjunctive mood and imperative mood. Unlike English, the subjunctive is very common in Spanish. You will learn more about in lessons introduction to subjunctive, subjunctive I, subjunctive II and indicative or subjunctive?
Vocabulary
Learn some of the commonly used Spanish verbs for beginners
“-ar” verbs |
|
hablar |
to speak |
estar |
to be |
empezar |
to begin |
trabajar |
to work |
estudiar |
to study |
ayudar |
to help |
caminar |
to walk |
escuchar |
to listen |
desayunar |
to have breakfast |
“-er” verbs |
|
tener |
to have |
hacer |
to make/ to do |
aprender |
to learn |
volver |
to turn |
comer |
to eat |
querer |
to want |
saber |
to know |
ser |
to be |
“-ir” verbs |
|
decir |
to say |
vivir |
to live |
salir |
to go out |
abrir |
to open |
ir |
to go |